Friday, April 11, 2008
hello, this blog is closed.
it has been closed for years . :S
with loves; christine
6:54 PM
Friday, April 27, 2007
michelle taught me the real meaning of innocent and true laughter,
she is a friend i will remember and cherish forever
our vocab:
goshness
gosh
omg
oh my freaking goodness
oh my freaking goodness man
baboon
:)
with loves; christine
8:06 PM
Friday, March 30, 2007
had calculus part 1 exam today.
stats exam on mon.
calculus part 2 on tues.
I love you Jesus
with loves; christine
6:42 PM
Friday, March 16, 2007
my holiday in Singapore was one of the best times in my life. i will never forget all the memories and the fun times i had in SG with my loved ones. and you know what. this blogger stinks cos i uploaded more pics but only a few actually came out. so whatever. this blog is closed anyway.
hmm. i miss everything i did in SG! really.
some of the things i miss the most are...
love
family
friends
3am suppers
insane buffets
shopping, shopping, shopping! omg. i spent so much f-ing money! omg. lols.
bought soo many things. but it was the best time of my life, really.
handphone
hot weather
i rebonded my hair! :)
reverlasting
huge crabs.
lots of food
lots of clothes
lip gloss, rings, braclets, necklaces, shoes, slippers, ear-rings, hairbands, hairties, jeans, pants, shorts, sweat pants, track pants, shirts, jackets, long sleeved tops, weather clothing, gloves, winter socks, cups, files, pens, new handphone, handphone accessories, nailpolish, eye lip make up remover, cotton wool, national skin centre, pimple cream, pimple wash, mirrors, hairbrushes, combs, presents from loved ones, ang pao money, hair products, kipling pencilcase! yay. i so love it.
underwater world
night safari
sentosa
omg. amazing memories.
k anyway.
this year.
last year of college.
next year
university!
we're all applying for the ones we wanna go to.
my subs:
chemistry
economics
calculus
statistics
accounting
chiong year. hahah.
my cast is off. really pray that its alright.
everyone's studying like shit. haha. well, at least i think so.
bcom and ba.
my university of choice.
ohh yeah. (:
roti pratas, bedok.
pastamania.
kopi .! i miss you
chinese new year.
cindy! <3
neoprint mania.
picture mania.
walks to the esplanade.
mos, dxo, baby face. haha. eagle knows what i mean(:
i miss the shopping and food, for goodness sake.
totally loves it.
bye
with loves; christine
5:46 PM
Tuesday, November 14, 2006
with loves; christine
9:26 PM
with loves; christine
9:04 PM
today was the last day of school.. amazing. how time really flies. another year seemed to have gone by again. i still remember on the 31st of december 2005, i was at the esplanade with my loves partying and celebrating the fireworks and the new year.. i remember thinking "wow.. 2006! a brand new year and more challenges for me to overcome"
i was supposed to sit for the olevels, but things changed and i migrated back to nz.. nice coming back here! (:
k well anyway
school was sad today.. last day of school and everyone was hugging n stuff.. :(
im sooo gonna miss all my friends n all the people that arent coming back to elim next year.. we're all gonna miss u soo much!! ahhhhh
so many things happened this year..
i remember all the fun times, the stress, the new girl kinda thing, getting used to the system here, getting used to my new school, making new friends and becoming good friends with them, becoming real close to my friends, lunch, dinner, botany, movies, nandos, macs, fireworks, best friend outings, omg so many frigging sleepovers wif kim!! lols!, insane make up sessions, gym, school, opc camp, fights, some assholes (haha), bitch fights, silly fights, omg the frigging water fight !!!
ahahahha. you know me and a few other people (dun worry i wont name you) (: got the year 12 common room banned cos of a water fight we created and did !!!! omg wtf right.
hahah anyway this is such a super long story.. bottom line was someone sold us out n we had to apoglogise in front of the entire year 12 for causing their common room to get banned.. hahaha.. i still remember this man...
breaking glass in chem class
screaming and laughing all the time with m1 and r1;)
chatting non-stop with t1 all da time :P
screwing around multimedia with l1, t2 and b1..
always nice to see a1 during interval n lunch n all..:) (no classes wif ya.. aww)
stupid silly english classes with s1
crazyyyy economic classes with m1 and c1 (m1 doesnt study at all!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!)
as u can see, im not gonna use ppl's names here.. hehe. dont ask me why. geez.
newayz..
omg school's ova !!! :'(
omg omg omg omg omg omg
dancing !!!!!!
hi sexy! :)
baboon baboon baboon baboon
poking!!
i invaded elim with baboons and poking!! hahahahhaha. its so freakin funny. k anywayz the other day i promoted laureen to leader baboon of the canterbury tribe!
soo many people are leaving man.
fights with teachers are over
hugged my form teacher today. she's going back to uni to finish her masters so she wont really be around next year. boo hoo.
and like t1 and t2 were walking me to my dad's car and like i was hugging them and saying stuff like wo ai ni !! (which is "i love you" in chinese) and stuff..
and u kno since free txting's over, we have the txt2000 (pay $10 and txt 2000 txtes)
so yeah tracy txted me back saying " wo ye hen ai ni " ( i love you very much too)
awwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwww. so sweet okay. my heart literally felt warm when she said that ! ahhhh. then we were chatting bout othter stuff.
those nights at oxygen
that night at performing arts
that night at nandos
that get together at my place
botany trips; shopping and movies
omgomgomgomg
and t1 and me sneaked into the cinemas and got caught haha.. heaps of shit.
hmmm
m1 and l1 and me tried to sneak in but got caught.
best friend and me sneaked in to watch click, superman, pirates and a few other movies.. haha.. didnt get caught :)
but yeah i stopped doing it cos it was getting pretty risky especially if they see my familiar face too much yea..
holiday trips
new camera
pammy and korkor came down
went to rotorua
the luge!
saw baby kiwis
omg and our crazy arcade game.. whenever i go to queenstreet wif mah friends, we always go crazy over that game!!!!!!!!!!! *screams its da bomb!!
6am late nights
5am late nights
4am usual nights
8.15am - waking up big trouble
8.30am - rushing to get to school
haha..
skipping assembly
hiding in the toilet
or get denention!!
which im proud to say, i only got like 20-30 denention slips this year! yeahhhh man!
thats real good aye!!!
omg yeah another time
yea. language change.
different way of speaking here. but of cos i loooove my SG accent! :)
and best friend's like coolness. whatever trevour!
and im like yayness. shut up spaulding! OMG HHAHAHAHHAHAHAHAHHAHAHAHAHAH
k some sweet messages i jus wanna keep.
"wo ye ai ni :) I want to come back but its too expensive :( I will miss you alot too"
"eh.trying to make me cry isit. I don’t like graduations. I don’t like leaving"
hhahah i thought this was damn funny!! lols.
- awww!! Thts really sweet! Its funi 2 thnk bac lyk so long ago wen we ddnt tlk mch n nw we tlk al da tym! Wer lyk sisters nw! hehe. Its so kwl.
- Aww hehe thanx!! :D yea I thnk we jst get along really wel n ur so sweet n thts da kinda frnd I want! Hehe. - But nw shes a total bitch n im so glad I hav u! ur a realy gud frnd! :)
omg that was sooooo sweet girl. <33 hhehehe
"Its nice to have a friend to talk to all the time, sharing all your secrets with someone true and kind. Such a special person who makes everything worthwhile, and everytime you’re with me You always make me smile."
the year's over, school's over, all the girl and bitch fights are like gone?? hahaha. hugs, autograph books, pictures, lip gloss.
trouble for my skirt that they said was "too short" whatever man.
omg. got into trouble with the principal at the beginning of the year. omg this was something to definitely think bout yeah man.
hmmm. got into trouble for my hair ties.
trouble with nails.
trouble with "illegal" jackets. wtf man.
lols!
but now when i look back, i had a fantastic year!
although coming to nz did set a whole new lot of challenges and obstacles, im glad to say i have overcome them and i m happy here! :D hehe.
and i've done well in my exams! so happy haha.
well ncea in 2 weeks. gonna study real hard. hmmm. aj's coming down this sunday. yayness. long time no see cousin. (:
chem, math, econs tuition.
injections.
blood tests.
horrible migraines.
pimples due to climate change. fcuking horrible this one.
cracked lips.
dry skin.
free txting weekends madness.
pool with best friend.
dominos - funky chicken!
hell's pizza.
tiredness.
insaneness.
baboon crazy stunts.
birthday parties.
city trips.
burger fuel.
free ice creams at mac.
beginning of the year nervousness.
omg.
sickness.
flu
cough
sore throat
migraines
trips to the doctor
insane lateness. really insane ones.
absence in school
some stuff i wanna forget. !
today i was txting
as we go on, we remember, all the times we, had together, and as our lives change, one another, we will still be, friends forever(:
aww damn sad okay. i soooo love that song.
this year has been full of madness madness madness.
and i created 2 movies! hahahhaha. one of oh shit elim and happy sweet16 best friend
hahhah
me and eagle
this year has been great for us
although we cant see each other
our love is strong
talk everyday
miss him so much.
phillipines.
thailand.
malaysia.
indonesia.
yes.
OMG. SERIOUSLY OMG NOW . OMG OMG OMG OMG NOW
I SOOOOOO LOVE PRISON BREAK. EVERYONE SHOULD SERIOSULY WATCH THIS SHOW. ITS DA BOMB MAN!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! I LOVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVE IT!! ahhhh
its like sooooo good!! im totally hooked on it. sister intoduced me to it. watched it all on her com. currently i've watched finished season 2, episode 7. omg cant wait for the next one!! *screams
embarrassing situations in school
smart trips back and forth
smart short cuts, path ways
gym gym gym
it was hard to adjust.
i had the best math tutor in singapore, the best chem teacher (school), and the best chem tutor too. hard to adjust for olevel stuff to suddenly alevel stuff.
i got over it, worked hard and made my way to the top! (:
am really glad to have met m1 in chem class yeah. we have so much fun!
rmb mrs n and heromine and karen always laugh n comment bout how fast we talk!! lols!!!
trouble with the deputy principal
haha.
got over it, he's nice now. (:
trouble with the boys dm,
got over it, he's real nice now.(: (this was during opc period)
slight trouble with senior teacher,
very minor trouble. she had a misunderstand with me. its all good now(:
omg. big fight with a primary school teacher. all her fcuking fault. geez. i didnt get into trouble in the end.
trouble with alex . hah. lols. long time over.
omg
i so miss michelle my cousin!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
k see i put ur name here babe. haha. she's like flying back from sydney with rachel, mark, aunty jen and uncle tony! yayness. hmmmm. we're sooo gonna party like shiet man.
all my friends from aus are going back to sg end of this yr! fr. perth, mel, sydney n all. yay!!!!!!!!
big awesome blow out party in singapore
omg so much stuff i cant wait to do with eagle n friends
eagle's brand new resort, friends, food, shopping, buy new cell, mrt, trains, wild wild wet, sentosa, sakae sushi buffet, vivo city, swimming, maplewoods, kopi, shen pi gu , screaming, hugging, photos, neoprints, movies, eating and shopping!! ahhh
soo many things man. gosh.
n guess what.
i just got promoted to president baboon! so its no more cheif, its president !
and i promoted l1 to leader baboon the other day.
awe ~ so touched boo hoo mus increase banana for wage
ur title should be president .. no more chief
from a certain someone. HAHA. damn funny
coolness. so spaulding!!!
i'm president now. haha.
well
2007 is coming
a brand new year
it sounds and looks so... foreign and new
mysterious and unknown
strange and unfamiliar
hmmm
welcome 2007!
dec is coming!
exams in 2 weeks!
cousins all coming!
aus and nz ppl all returning to SG!
christmas is coming!
new year's day coming!
2007 is coming!
brand new goals
brand new expectations
next yr my subs tough man.
calculus, stats, economics, ict and accouting .
bam.
after next yr
auckland uni !!
damn fast man.
and i thought i was doing olevels this year. yeah right, my butt.
lols.
omg yea, skiing. def something memorable. white lovely snow mountains. long distance phone calls everyday. webcam . mp3. camera. water.
love you all(:
with loves; christine
7:37 PM
Tuesday, November 07, 2006
hi
long time no see
christmas is coming
i'm going home soon
i miss my hero
i miss my friends
i miss home
:D:D
i cant wait for christmas!
exams in 3 weeks, cousin coming in 2 weeks, rest of cousins coming in 3 weeks. yay.
haha dunno lah.. i miss lah-ing too. and omg u kno what? the other day i was talking to my SG friend and when she said "siao", i realised i havent heard that word for ages!! omg.. lols. k whatever.
i'm coming home soon! (: loves
with loves; christine
9:58 AM
Thursday, September 07, 2006
Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons – simplest organic compounds containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms
Alkanes – contain C-C single bonds (saturated)
Alkenes – have one or more C = C double covalent bonds (unsaturated)
Alkynes – have one or more C = C triple covalent bonds (unsaturated)
Functional grps – influence the chemical behaviour of a compound (changes its properties)
Alkanes
- CnH n+
- No functional grp
- Forms homologous series
- Saturated compounds
- Angles of 109 between the bonds (tetrahedral)
Prefix: ane
(n = number of carbon atoms)
Homologous series – a series of organic compounds that builds up by increasing by the same grp each time
Straight Chain Alkanes
1. meth methane
2. eth ethane
3. prop propane
4. but butane
5. pent pentane
6. hex hexane
7. hept heptane
8. oct octane
9. non nonane
10. dec decane
Molecular formula – gives information about the type and number of atoms present in a substance
Structural formula – shows how atoms are joined together
Condensed structural formula – represent large organic compounds
Large alkanes usually have all the CH grps collected together and written in brackets with a number
Structural isomers – same atoms but arranged differently
Branched chain structure/straight chain structure – alkanes with more than 3 carbon atoms
Parent chain – longest chain of carbon atoms
Branch chain – smaller chain of carbon atoms
Alkyl grps – branch chains (named after respective alkane, but with -yl instead of -ane)
Naming branched chain alkanes
1. Identify parent chain (name with suffix –ane)
2. Identify branch chain(s)
3. Count the number of carbons in a branch chain. Name branch by using appropriate prefix and adding –yl
4. Identify the position of the branch by numbering from the end of the parent chain which gives the branch the lowest possible number
5. Write full name as branch position, “hyphen”, branch name then parent name
If there are several identical branches on a parent chain, the position of each branch is numbered separately, and the branch names are written together using the following prefixes:
di – 2 identical branches
tri – 3 identical branches
tetra – 4 identical branches
If there are several different branches on a parent chain, they are written in alphabetical order.
If two different grps are attached in equivalent places on the same molecule, then the lower number is given to the grp which comes first alphabetically
If an organic molecule contains a branch which can only go in 1 position, then the branch number is omitted (dropped)
Cycloalkanes - alkanes with 3 or more carbons which form rings/cyclic structures
- CnH
- Higher mp and bp of alkanes
Prefix: cyclo
Physical properties of alkanes
- colourless
- non polar (insoluble in water)
- have densities less than water (float on water)
- dissolve in each other
- do not conduct electricity or heat (no delocalised electrons)
- mp and bp increase as length of carbon chain increases
- often used as solvents/grease removers
- very good fuels
At room temp alkanes with:
1) 1 – 4 carbon --- gases
2) 5 – 15 carbon -- liquids
3) 15 carbons ++ ---- soft, waxy solids
- smaller liquid alkane molecules are volatile (they become gases when heated)- volatile hydrocarbons readily ignite because plenty of vapour is available to burn
Chemical properties
Combustion (burning) (eg. Alkane + oxygen)
- water is always a product
Complete combustion – when there is lots of oxygen and carbon dioxide is produced
- flame is hot (blue flame) and clean burning (no soot)
Incomplete combustion – limited oxygen supply and CO or C (soot) will form (or a mixture of both)
- burning is incomplete
- flame may be yellow
Substitution
- alkanes undergo substitution reactions with halogens (eg. Chlorine, bromine)
Substitution reactions involve:
- loss of hydrogen from chain – involves breaking a C-H bond
- replacement of lost hydrogen by chlorine/bromine
- catalyst present (usually ultraviolet [UV] from sunlight)
- As bromine is used in substitution reactions, it decolourises [the brown colour of bromine disappears] (since bromine is ‘used up’)
Haloalkanes – halogens substituted into alkanes
Atom Name used in haloalkane
1) Bromine bromo
2) Chlorine chloro
3) Fluorine fluoro
4) Iodine iodo
- haloalkanes are named in the same way as alkanes (alphabetical order for names)
Classifying haloalkanes
1. Primary – chlorine atom is attached to a carbon atom which itself is only attached to one carbon atom
2. Secondary – chlorine atom is attached to a carbon atom which is itself attached to 2 carbon atoms
3. Tertiary – chlorine atom is attached to a carbon atom which is itself attached to 3 carbon atoms
Alkenes – hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C)
Alkenes:
- CnH n
- Functional grp is a double bond (C=C)
- Forms a homologous series
- Unsaturated
- Angles of 120 between the bonds
Suffix: ene
- The first member of the series is ethane. (since a carbon-carbon double bond must be present, methene does not exist, only methane) Propane is the second member.
- If there are more than 3 carbons in the chain, the position of the double bond must be specified. Use a number to identify the first carbon in the double bond. The number goes between the prefix and the –ene suffix.
For branched chain alkenes:
- Parent chain contains double bond
- Position of double bond must be identified by numbering the chain from whichever end gives the double bond the lowest number
Naming branched chain alkenes:
1. Identify and name the parent chain
2. Identify the position of the double bond
3. Identify any branch chains and their positions
4. Name the molecule – branch position, branch name, parent name and double bond position
Cycloalkenes:
- CnH
Eg. Cyclohexene:
Cyclo - in a ring
Hex - 6 carbons
Ene - double bond
Geometric Isomers
- exist for alkenes that have different groups attached to both of the carbon atoms that form the double bond
1. Cis isomers – same grps are on same side of double bond
2. Trans isomers – same grps are on different side of double bond
Geometric isomerism exists because free rotation around the carbon-carbon double bond cannot occur, fixing the position in space of the grps attached to the carbon atoms of the double bond
Example: Cis and Trans isomers of but-2-ene
But-2-ene is the simplest alkene to have geometric isomers
Symmetrical alkenes have the same grps/atoms attached to 1 of the 2 carbons of the double bond
- Symmetrical alkenes do not exhibit geometric isomerism
(Hydrogen does not take part in any of geometric isomerism)
Why geometrical isomerism is only exhibited by some alkenes and is never found in alkanes
Physical properties
- non polar (insoluble in water and other polar solvents)
- good solvents for non-polar molecules
- increase in mp and bp as Molar mass/chain length increases
- float on water
Room temp (25 C) ----- ethane, propene, butane are gases
Larger alkenes - liquids
Chemical properties
1. Combustion reactions for alkenes are the same as alkanes only that alkenes do not burn as cleanly as alkanes and produce a yellow, sooty flame
2. Addition Reactions - breaking the double bond to produce a single carbon-carbon bond and 2 new single covalent bonds (reactions occurring at the double bond)
1. Hydrogenation
2. Halogenation
3. Hydration
1. Hydrogenation – 2 hydrogen atoms ‘adds across the double bond’ of the alkene to form an alkane
- catalyst is used (usually either nickel @ 150 C or platinum @ room temp [25 C])
2. Halogenation – 2 halogen atoms ‘adds across the double bond’ (usually Cl or Br)
- Bromine used to test for unsaturation because bromine loses its orange-brown colour as it reacts with alkenes.
- Loss of colour can be used to determine the rate of reaction and distinguish alkenes from alkanes
- Alkenes react without requiring a catalyst, whereas alkanes require sunlight and react slowly
- Chlorine reacts more rapidly than bromine [in addition reactions0
- Dibromo is used to indicate 2 bromine atoms. The positions on carbon 1 and carbon 2 of the 2 bromine atoms must be specified for the product toe show the bromine atoms are on different carbon atoms
- Alkenes react with hydrogen halides (eg. HCl, HBr)
forming
Hydration – alkenes react with steam (H 0) ---------- alcohol
- used for industrial preparation of ethanol
- reaction takes place when concentrated sulfuric acid is added to ethane and the mixture is then diluted with water
Addition to unsymmetrical alkenes
Unsymmetrical alkane – one that has different grps attached to 1 of them in the 2 carbon atoms of the double covalent bond
- the addition of HCl or H-OH (water) to an unsymmetrical alkene produces 2 possible product:
1. one product is produced to a greater extent (major product)
2. minor product
Markovnikov’s rule – (Rule for determining which the major product is) ---- the hydrogen atom from HCl or H-OH will bond to the carbon atom in the double bond that has the most hydrogens'
Oxidation reactions
- alkenes undergo an oxidation reaction (gain oxygen) when reacted with acidified potassium permanganate (H /MnO -)
- Purple-colour permanganate decolourises as colourless manganese (Mn ) ions form.
Unbalanced equation:
CH = CH + H /MnO ------------------ CH – CH + Mn
- Addition process used as a test for the presence of double bonds
- Alkanes do not react with potassium permanganate
- Rapid colour change between acidified potassium permanganate and unsaturated molecules
Polymers
- large organic molecules (macromolecules)
Monomers
– small organic molecules
Polymerisation – polymers form when monomers join together by covalent bonds
As polymer chain length grows:
- chaines become more tangled
- number of intermolecular forces increase
- mp increases
- polymer become stronger
Addition of polymerization
Alkynes – hydrocarbons which contain a carbon-carbon triple bond (C==C)
1. C H
2. Functional grp – triple bond (C=C)
3. homologous series
4. unsaturated compounds
5. carbon atoms in linear arrangement
Ethyne (acetylene)
Suffix: -yne
Parent chain: longest chain which contains the triple bond
Preparation of Ethyne
CaC (s) + 2H 0( ) --------- C H (g) + Ca(OH) (s)
- water must be added gradually to control this vigorous reaction [ethyne collected by downward displacement of water]
Reactions of ethyne:
- addition reactions occur when alkynes react with: bromine or hydrogen
1. One reacting molecule adds to the alkyne. Triple bond becomes double bond. Substituted alkene produced.
2. Another reacting molecule adds to substituted alkene producing a saturated product. Double bond becomes single bond.
Reaction of ethyne + chlorine forms carbon rather than 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
H-C=C-H(g) + Cl (g) ------ 2C (s) + 2HCl (g)
- reaction is explosive
Alcohols
- organic compounds which contain hydroxyl (OH) functional grp
1. C H
2. Functional grp –OH
3. Forms homologous series
4. Saturated compounds
Naming alcohols
- Replace the final –e in the corresponding alkane with –ol, giving alkanol.
First 2 alcohols: methanol and ethanol
- position of hydroxyl grp must be indicated in the names for alcohols with 3 or more carbons
- hydroxyl grp in the alcohol with 3 carbons can either be on the middle carbon or the first/end carbon
1. Identify the parent chain (longest chain with the OH grp attached)
2. Identify branch chains
3. Number so the OH grp has lowest possible number. Give the position of branches.
4. Write full name as: branch positions, hyphen, branch names, parent name, OH position
Polyalcohols – alcohols with more than 1 OH functional grp
-ol suffix becomes diol for 2 hydroxyl grps and triol for 3 hydroxyl grps
Eg. Of polyalcohols
1. Propane- 1,2,3-triol (glycerol, glycerine) --- viscous liquid used in hand lotions, photography
H H H
H C C C H
OH OH OH
Used as
3. Ethane- 1,2-diol --------- antifreeze in car radiators
Classifying alcohols
1. Primary – OH grp attached to a carbon which itself is attached to 1 carbon
2. Secondary – OH grp attached to a carbon which itself is attached to 2 carbons
3. Tertiary – OH grp attached to a carbon which itself is attached to 3 carbons
Physical properties
- colourless
- mp and bp higher than alkenes because alcohols form hydrogen bonds between molecules (which are stronger than the forces between alkane molecules)
- bp increase when size of molecules increase because more intermolecular forces present
- straight chain alcohols have higher bp than branched chain alcohols
- Small alcohol molecules (less than 4 carbons) -- soluble in water
- Length of non-polar carbon chain becomes larger, alcohol molecules become less soluble because polarity decreases
- Solubility due to OH grp
- OH grp is polar due to the high electronegativity of oxygen
Alcohols with:
Less than 7 carbons --- liquids at room temp (25 C)
- small alcohols are more volatile than larger alcohols
Chemical properties:
- Combustion (same as hydrocarbons)
- Oxidation
Oxidants:
1. Acidified potassium dichromate, Cr O /H (orange to green)
2. Acidified potassium permanganate, MnO /H (purple to colourless)
Primary alcohols are oxidised and forms -- carboxylic acids
Ethanoic acid (acetic acid)
Eg.
1. Methanol oxidises to methanoic acid
2. propan-1-ol oxidises to propanoic acid
3. butan-1-ol oxidises to butanoic acid
Carboxylic Acids – contain COOH functional grp
1. Formula R-COOH (R represents hydrocarbon chain/alkyl grp)
2. Functional grp -- COOH
3. Forms homologous series
4. weak acids
5. acidic
- Functional grp is always at the end or beginning
- replace the ending-e with –oic acid
Naming carboxylic acids:
1. identify parent chain (longest carbon chain with COOH attached to the end)
- The C of COOH is always carbon 1
2. identify branch chain
3. identify position of branches
4. write full name as: branch position – branch name and parent name, acid
Eg.
1. Methanoic acid HCOOH
2. Ethanoic acid CH COOH
Physical properties:
- small carboxylic acids (low molecular mass) - soluble in water because COOH grp is polar due to high electronegativity of the 2 oxygen atoms
- solubility of acids decrease as non-polar carbon chain length increases
- colourless liquids or white solids at room temp.
- higher mp and bp than hydrocarbons and alcohols because of their increased molar mass and their ability to form strong hydrogen bonds
Short-chain carboxylic acids --- strong, unpleasant odours
Higher mass (lower volatility) carboxylic acids are less smelly
- Smell of rancid butter caused by butanoic acid
1. Ions formed from carboxylic acids are named by replacing the –ic acid by –ate
Eg. Ethanoic acid ---- ethanoate ions
Methanoic acid ---- methanoate ions
Solutions of carboxylic acids will:
1. turn blue litmus -- red
2. conducts electricity (sufficient number of ions are present and free to move)
forming
3. reacts slowly with metals ------ hydrogen gas
2H (aq) + Mg(s) -- Mg (aq) + H (g)
forming
4. reacts with bases (neutralisation reaction) -------- water
CH COOH (aq) + OH (aq) ----------- CH COO (aq) + H O( )
forming
5. reacts with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates -------- water + carbon dioxide
2CH COOH + CO -- 2CH COO + H 0
CH COOH + HCO ---- CH COO + H 0 + CO (g)
produce
Acid reactions with metals, bases, carbonates ------- organic salts. These salts disappear as crystalline solids when the aqueous solution is evaporated
Eg.
Magnesium + ethanoic acid ----------- magnesium ethanoate + hydrogen gas
Mg + 2CH COOH --- (CH COO) Mg + H (g)
Esters – organic compounds with the formula R-C-O-R [R and R are alkyl grps]
O
1. C H O
2. Functional grp -- COO
3. Forms homologous series
4. gives off a sweet smell when formed
Most esters are:
- oily volatile liquids
- very slightly soluble in water because they are slightly polar
Esterification - Carboxylic acids + alcohols ----- esters (example of a condensation reaction) because OH (part of an acid) and the H (part of the hydroxyl grp) [alcohol] combine to form water (as a product)
R-C-OH + R------OH ------ R-C-O-R + H 0
------
O O
Carboxylic acid + alcohol -----> ester + water
-----
- reaction is reversible as ester can react with water, producing acid + alcohol again
Dehydrating agent – removes water from esterification
- addition of concentrated sulfuric acid increases the amount of ester formed by preventing the backward reaction from occurring (concentration H SO ) acts as a catalyst and dehydrating agent, removing water from reaction mixture
Naming esters:
1. ‘Split’ the molecule in 2 about –O-
2. name the part identifying the alcohol (part with –O- grp) by replacing –ane of the alkane with –yl
3. name the part identifying the acid identified by replacing –ane of the alkane with –oate
4. Place the alcohol derived part (-yl part) before the acid part (-oate part)
When writing equations:
1. write carboxylic acids first
2. write alcohols second
When naming esters:
1. Write alcohols first
2. Write carboxylic acids second
Hydrolysis of Esters – ‘reverse’ of esterification and results in the ester molecule being split apart
Presence of acid catalyst - carboxylic acid + alcohol formed
In basic conditions, alcohol + carboxylate ion, RCOO will be formed
Sources and uses of esters:
- most esters occur naturally
- have pleasant fruity smells
- found in flowers and fruits
Fatty acids – carboxylic acids with long hydrocarbon chains containing even numbers of carbon atoms
- Fatty acids can be represented as RCOOH (R stands for long chain)
Esters of fatty acids --- fats and oils
Fats:
- Soft solids @ room temp.
- saturated compounds
- found in animals
(eg. Stearic acid)
- Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid because the long hydrocarbon chain has no double bonds between any carbon atoms
- Oleic acid is an unsaturated fatty acid because it contains a double bond between carbons 9 and 10
Oils:
- liquids @ room temp.
- unsaturated compounds
- come from plant sources (eg. Seeds, nuts, berries)
Polyunsaturated fatty acids ---- fatty acids with more than 1 double bond (from plant sources)
Triglycerides
- occur naturally as oils in seeds, nuts, berries, fats
1 glycerol molecule + 3 fatty acid molecules (by ester linkages) -------- triglycerides
- These ester linkages arise because alcohol grps on the glycerol react in an esterification reaction with the COOH grps of fatty acids
Glycerol tristearate is a triglyceride formed from the esterification reaction between glycerol and 3 stearic acid molecules
Soap
Saponification -- soap is formed when NaOH + triglyceride molecules ------ sodium salts
- reverse of esterification
- OH ions break ester linkages to form fatty acid anions and glycerol (as a by-product)
- As the mixture cools, the sodium cations from NaOH and fatty acid anions from triglyceride combine to form soap. The hydrocarbon chains (R, R’ and R””) determine the type of soap produced
- If KOH is used instead of NaOH, soft liquid soaps are produced
with loves; christine
6:53 PM
Thursday, February 02, 2006
im 16 years old!! hahaha offically!! hehehhe
can you believe time flies by so fast
it seems like only yesterday when i was so excited about turning 15
and now im 16!! hahhaha (:
happy birthday to me
happy birthday to me
happy birthday dear christine
happy birthday to me!! (:
okay here's what i've been doing!!
on tuesday the cresswell family had one last reunion dinner before i return to singapore (:
pammy gave me this blue hair dye a few years ago so i just put some on; it was really light, but just for fun (:
had a great dinner (:
well at the reunion dinner we were talking shit, as usual and having a good time (:
hahahha funny stuff. (:
we were still hungry after the dinner so we went over to swensens!! (: ordered fries and a giant earthquake (8 scoops of icecream) for us! (:
mmmm.. it tasted so good! we were all rushing for the food! hahaha having so much laughing and playing
the dry ice had all the smoke coming out and my cousins added water, mayo, sauce, icecream, everything they could find into the thing! hahahha it had bubbles and more smoke coming out!! we were all laughing and screaming!!
took pics!! (: this will definitely a time all of us will remember
after we said our final goodbyes, we went back home. kinda sad. i will really miss them. after all, they're family. <3
before i went for the cresswell reunion dinner, my family headed over to korkor and jikor's house for laksa!! its a family traditation. we got there around 1.30pm. really late. the laksa was gooooooood! (: ate 2 bowls. hehehehhe
took more pics with black!! i really love her. she's such a sweetie pie. really really love her. will see her in dec soon. hope she will be fine. (: can tell that she's old but i really really love her!! she's my dog best friend (:
korkor wrote in my autograph bk!! jikor was supposed to write too, but she left the house. :(
was really very tired.
oh guess what else happened. my mum got my singtel line back. good.
im 16 years old!! hahahhaha soooo happY! (:
oh yes, guess what else happened? i've now a christian! (: i accepted christ today!
heaven is having a party for me now (:
i love God and im happy i've finally done it (: im part of God's family
after that i went for my exercise at the rehab centre. last exercise there. my personal trainer wasnt there today cos she's off for chinese new year so this other trainer took over. he was a complete dumbass. he was like a clown playing with the equipment. i was really really pissed with him. i dont want my parents to pay some dumb idiot $70 an hour for him to fool around with the equipment so i made sure i did my exercises the way my personal trainer taught me. heh.
after that i had to see the doc to see a check up on my bones and body. he said i was doing great! (:
and i made a complaint about that clown. he said that it was his first day here. and i was like "oh okay." so i was like one of the guinea pigs lar. and that clown kept smiling at me. like non--stop. for no reason. it was so stupid.
after that i met eagle!! (: we had lots of fun today. i love you so much baby. <3
see you tomorrow! we're going to celebrate my birthday tomorrow!! (: hehehhe . or should i say later? cos its 2.18am now. oh shit. and i have to wake up at 8am tomorrow. arrrgh. so fooking early. meeting shen pi gu at 10am at tiong bahru plaza! (:
happy birthday to me!!!!!!
im 16!!!!!!!!! (:
whooooo!
listening to these 2 songs now
Said my niggas don't dance,
we just pull up our pants and,
Do the Roc-away.
Now lean back, lean back, lean back, lean back.
I said my niggas don't dance,
See we just pull up our pants and,
Do the Roc-away.
Now lean back, lean back, lean back, lean back.
Rock your body, mic check 1, 2
Becuase it ain't a party til my crew run through
Shake some body, show me what you can do - like Ohhh, Ohhh
Rock your body, mic check 1, 2
DJ spin the needle, rock into the groove
Bump it louder so the crowd wanna move - like Ohhh, Ohhh
hahhaa. was talking to eagle and dancing.
okay im really really tired now. goodnight (:
with loves; christine
1:27 AM
hello!! long time no see (:
its been such a long time since i've blogged. really didnt have the time since i came back from thailand. anyway, here's the update on my life! =)
okay i kinda have to rush thru this cos its 1.40am and i have to sleep cos im so fcuking tired and tomorrow i have to wake up at 11am!! ahh. so early!!
ok the trip to bangkok was great! (: i had so much fun shopping!! hahah thats it yeahh.. shopping! and of cos, eating! hahah i spent quite alot of cash there. heh. but stuff there is so cheap! i bought 6 dvds.! meet the fockers, kingdom of heaven, white chicks, yu-gi-oh (i like that show!), spongebob squarepants and harry potter. it has good quality and its only $4 for a dvd! SO CHEAP!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! i also bought 3 music cds there. (: hip hop, dance and fort minor. (: hehehe i also bought alot of facial stuff there; 6 clean and clear moisturizers, 3 toners, 2 olay, 2 overnight and a nivea body lotion. its much cheaper there since its made in thailand. (: i also bought shorts and nice singlets! (:
i bought 2 really nice jackets there! the first was a $100 roxy jacket and the second was a $30 black jacket. both are really nice. (: love them! i also bought 2 track pants to suit the weather in new zealand!! hehhehe its so much cheaper there!! (: i also bought a few nice tees. okay, i know this is kinda stupid cos everyone's like playing xbox and dota now but i bought 2 new gameboy mario games! hahaha i still like my gameboy very much and since its much cheaper in thailand, i bought them! (: i tested them too and it was fine.
i went shopping and eating the whole time and had loads of fun! by the way, the guys in thailand have a way of staring at you in such a manner that you feel so uncomfortable in their presence. i mean, they just keep staring. like up and down your body and even when you stare back, they dont look away. i was like wth. and like when i was walking, guys in their motorbikes would actually stop by me and stare at me. can you believe that! its like you feel so naked when they're staring at you. and those guys in their motorbikes with those helmets that you cant see where they're looking? yeah, i hate those. they travel in packs of like 10-20 and when you have to cross the road, you actually feel them staring at you but you dont know for sure. and i dont think you wanna stare back at them either in case you create trouble. heh.
but i have to say that the girls in thailand are very nice. even though they dont speak english well, they still make effort to communicate with you. even those girls selling satay or beef noodles by the street! there was a period of time when i went out on my own cos i had to find some music cds (the day i was leaving bangkok) and i was in a mad rush as these people sell illegal cds and they only come out at night in a place called 'papong'. it was like mission impossible but i refused to give up as i searched the streets for any sign for any illegal venders. when i was lost, i asked those girls on the streets and they were really very polite and friendly towards me. (: when i was buying bras with my mom, the salegirls were really nice too. when i wasnt sure about buying anything, i would tell the salesgirl that i m not sure and that i would think about it and they would be smiling away and saying "its ok!" or something really polite. do that in singapore and the salesgirl would give you a black face. see what i mean? and they always greet you by saying "seewahdeeka" hahah i dunno how to spell but thats what they say. its really nice lar. (:
i also went to the underwater world!! hahah it was so fun!! seeing all the sharks and fishes! (: i love seeing marine life. although sometimes its a little scary seeing those huge sharks and fishes, its still really fun!! hehehe nothing much to say about this just that i really loved it!! soooooo fun!!!! (:
okay. on the last night in thailand, me, my sis and my dad went to papong to look for some stuff. however, there was a police raid so all those illegal venders selling all those fake dvds and music cds all went hiding and we just couldnt find any. and i mean we couldnt find any. i was so disappointed. i mean, of all nights, why that night?
but i recongnized the guys that we bought the good quality dvds from the first night i was in bangkok so i went over and asked them why they werent selling any dvds. they told me there was a police raid. so then my sis and i told him what dvds we wanted and arranged a special price and he called his friend and told him the dvds we wanted. we waited around 20mins before the guy showed up. when he did, we ran into a nearby shop and paid him. the police were watching them tats why they had to be really careful. dangerous work huh? heh. special order you know? (: its interesting to see another part of the world and what other people do for a living. so in the end, we got what we wanted. (:
i also wanted to take some pics of the girls dancing in the nightclubs, but my parents didnt want me to. they said that i would get whacked. the girls were pole dancing and were wearing only their bras and panties. they look so slutty and disgusting. as we were walking, many guys and some women kept asking us to watcch the 'shows' inside. they kept pushing this piece of paper into our faces. i read and saw the "shows". disgusting lar. wah lao. i was like wth. lots of stuff on the paper i also didnt understand so when i came back to singapore, i asked him. it was also kinda funny, cos they kept asking my dad to go in and i kept laughing and laughing thats why they kept asking even more! hahha
okok. its 2am. enough of thailand. anyway, i had really great time there! (: hahah
the sleepover went great! (: had lots of fun. we slept around 5am++ and then the next morning i had to wake up early to go for my exercise at the rehab centre. sebastian was there watching me do the leg thing and after that he was like 'you can only do 1?! i can do 8!" hahaha after that we bought some bread from bread talk and headed to marina square. we bought macs and watched memoirs. after that, i went home and changed cos i had a chinese reunion dinner.
my mother cut off my singel handphone line cos i forgot to call her at the sleepover. i think shes a bitch for doing it, seriously. i love her, but sometimes she can really be a bitch. i was really pissed at her and lots of shit happened after. im not gonna talk about what happened. anyway the bottom line is, im gonna get a hi card. heh. for the next week. im leaving on sat, 4th feb. :( i dont wanna go. i'll miss him and all my friends and singapore so much!
how can rabbit live without eagle?
somebody needs you
like never before
somebody wants your love
baby open the door
dont you leave me alone
dont you turn off the light
somebody wants you
somebody needs you tonight
oh yeahh, i also went to the backstreet boys concert! (: I had free tickets from aunty susan. $130 per ticket. (: good seats! had a great time with sebastian there. it was romantic.. cos of the love songs.. nick carter is fat. he has a belly. heh. it was really nice seeing the backstreet boys live. i used to like them very much but now im alright. still, i appreciate their music. (:
I'll be the one, I'll be the one
Who will make all your sorrows undone
I'll be the light, I'll be the light
When you feel like there's nowhere to run
I'll be the one
There you were, wild and free
Reaching out like you needed me
A helping hand to make it right
I am holding you all through the night
You need me like I need you
We can share our dreams comin' true
I can show you what true love means
Just take my hand, baby please
I'll be the one
I'll be the light
Where you can run
To make it alright
I'll be the one
I'll be the light
Where you can run
so romantic. (:
i went back to yusof ishak secondary school for the last time!! i went there on friday to take pics and say goodbye to friends. (: that day it was some cross country thing so school ended around 10.30am for them. got there around 11am and took pics!! hehehe so happy!! met amah,steph,si qian,sharon,nani,marinah,syzailah,jin yu,kok,edward,air pollution,max,austin,jun hao,jamess,kanageek and mirna. took pics!!! hahah but it was sad for me too cos it would be some time before i can see these great pals again! mr.wong and mr.goh also joined us to take pics! hahah
after taking pics, me,amah,steph,si qian,min hui and rach were supposed to go out and celebrate my bday lunch but rach hurt her leg so i met her later at the bus stop. max,jun hao,edward,kok and jin yu joined us for the movie. we watched i not stupid too! its so funny! but so sad also. =( me and amah were crying! hahah
we ate at sakae sushi but only me,steph,si qian and amah ate there. we were kinda rushing, heh.
met rachel and yi quan at the bus stop later. rach why didnt you come earlier! you stupid, stupid baboon. im gonna miss ya.
after the movie, i went back home and quickly got some stuff i forgot to get earlier and headed to *********************! hahah will not put anymore for that day.
i also took pics of me and kopi!! gonna miss her so much!! <3 i love kopi
okay. fast foward. its 2.25am.
have been visting!! received lots of ang pahos. (: i was supposed to get my hi card today, but didnt have the time. for lunch i went to korkor and jikor's house and ate popiah! took pics with black and pammy too! (: i love black so much. she's such a sweetie pie. <3
we stayed there till around 5.30pm and then headed over to amah's house. ate dinner there. yummy! (: all my cousins and relatives from the cresswell family were there. (:
played with my cousins!! gonna miss them so much too! <3
when it got dark, me, caroline, brian, darrel, leon and sean went downstairs and played with sparklers. there were 100 sticks. had fun lighting them up and writing words in the air. and my naughty cousins were also throwing them into trees and bushes and stuff like that. i also threw one stick at darrel - and it touched his butt! waahha he started screaming cos he thought his butt was on fire. =/ hahah
after that we played catching and we were hiding behind the cars and stuff. heh. it was so fun! (: at one point i was hiding behind the van with leon and sean and suddenly they were running away? i was like wth. then i started to walk out and that was when brian came running after me!! i screamed!!!!!!!! ahh. hahha. memories that will not be forgotten. (:
my parents and aunties and uncles were gambling upstairs. (: aj didnt join us in playing the sparklers, so when we got back i asked him to write in my autograph bk again. (: after that we were chatting about life and stuff. had a great time.
oh i forgot to say this.
happy chinese new year!
gong xi fa cai!
ruan shi ru yi!
xing nain qua le!!
hahaha (:
after i got home i started packing some clothes and stuff. i have to clean out my entire room by 3rd feb cos im leaving on the 4th. ohmygosh. its like so soon. :(
dota is fun!! have been playing at cineleisure! (: i like to use bone clitz. hahahha but when eagle plays with me, he cheats! he kills me! wah lao! hahahha
i feel really sad that im leaving singapore but then again, i must be grateful for the opportunity to study overseas! (:
after i finish doing university, i will do my master either in australia or new zealand. its still a long time. (: but think of it this way, when i go back, i'll be year 12, then year 13 which is my last year of college. after that i enter university! (: fast right?
sebastian is now on holiday! he's in indonesia.. come back soon sebastian!! (:
i miss eagle so much. that night was the first night i said 'i love you' to his face. its the first time i've ever said 'i love you' to someone and meant it. now when i truly love the person and i say 'i love you', its amazing. really. love is amazing. the way it makes you feel.
i've never had a dream come true
till the day i found you
eagle, we will be able to overcome the obstacles in our relationship as i move back to new zealand. a long distance relationship requires a lot of love, communication, trust and faith. i know we can get through this. i love you very much and i know you do too. we have the foundation. we have the backgrounds. we have what it takes. i promise you, everything will be fine. i love you <3
i celebrated my birthday lunch with my family at crystal jade at takashimaya. the food was great! (: i really love eating there. hehehe. ordered so much!! but i loved it (:
my birthday is on 2 feb! coming up soon! (:
my private bash will be with eagle on the day itself. (: cant wait.
its hard to say goodbye
i dont know why
sometimes life turns out funny
but no matter what
we're gonna get through this
cos our love is strong
*~ i love you eagle
alright. its 2.50am. have to sleep now. goodnight (:
with loves; christine
1:36 AM
